On the other hand, in Italy, where the plot takes place during the Italian Unification, the novel is totally neglected: it was translated into Italian as late as in 1956 and was never reprinted: Il figlio del cardinale (literally, The Son of the Cardinal). A second opera The Gadfly was composed by Soviet composer Antonio Spadavecchia. The Gadfly Suite is an arrangement of selections from Shostakovich's score by the composer Levon Atovmian. In 1955, the Soviet director Aleksandr Faintsimmer adapted the novel into a film of the same title (Russian: Ovod) for which Dmitri Shostakovich wrote the score. The Russian composer Mikhail Zhukov turned the book into an opera The Gadfly ( Овод, 1928). Irish writer Peadar O'Donnell recalls the novel's popularity among Republican prisoners in Mountjoy Prison during the Irish Civil War. In China, several publishers translated the book, and one of them (China Youth Press) sold more than 2,050,000 copies. Voynich was unaware of the novel's popularity, and did not receive royalties, until visited by a diplomat in 1955. In the Soviet Union, The Gadfly was compulsory reading and the top best seller indeed, by the time of Voynich's death, The Gadfly is estimated to have sold 2,500,000 copies in the Soviet Union alone. The Gadfly was exceptionally popular in the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, and Iran, exerting a large cultural influence. With the central theme of the book being the nature of a true revolutionary, the reflections on religion and rebellion proved to be ideologically suitable and successful. The evidence demonstrates that a liaison of some sort took place between Reilly and her in Florence, 1895. In 2016, new evidence surfaced from archived communication between Anne Fremantle, who attempted a biography of Ethel Voynich, and a relative of Ethel's on the Hinton side. In 2004, writer Andrew Cook suggested that Reilly may have been reporting on Voynich and her political activities to William Melville of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch. After their brief affair had concluded, Voynich published in 1897 her critically acclaimed novel, The Gadfly, the central character of which, Arthur Burton, was allegedly based on Sidney Reilly's own early life. During this dalliance, Reilly apparently "bared his soul to his mistress," and revealed to her the story of his strange youth in Russia. Lockhart claims that Reilly and Voynich had a sexual liaison and voyaged to Italy together. Ethel Voynich was a significant figure not only on the late Victorian literary scene but also in Russian émigré circles. Background Īccording to historian Robin Bruce Lockhart, Sidney Reilly – a Russian-born adventurer and secret agent employed by the British Secret Intelligence Service – met Ethel Voynich in London in 1895. It is debatable to what extent an allegorical comparison can be drawn between the Gadfly and Jesus. ![]() Montanelli also dies, having lost his faith and his sanity. Eventually Arthur is captured by the authorities and executed by a firing squad. This is especially explicit at the climax of the book, where sacred descriptions intertwine with reflections on the Gadfly's fate. The story compares these emotions to those Arthur experiences as a revolutionary, particularly drawing on the relationship between religious and revolutionary feelings. Gemma, his lover, and Padre Montanelli, his Priest (and also secretly his biological father), show various forms of love via their tragic relations with the focal character of Arthur: religious, romantic, and family. The local authorities are soon dedicated to capturing him. He becomes a journalist, expounding radical ideas in brilliant satirical tracts published under the pseudonym "the gadfly". ![]() While away he suffers great hardship, but returns with renewed revolutionary fervour. He discovers radical ideas, renounces Catholicism, fakes his death and leaves Italy. The landscape of Italy, in particular the Alps, is a pervading focus of the book, with its often lush descriptions of scenery conveying the thoughts and moods of characters.Īrthur Burton, an English Catholic, travels to Italy to study to be a priest. Arthur, the eponymous Gadfly, embodies the tragic Romantic hero, who comes of age and returns from abandonment to discover his true state in the world and fight against the injustices of the current one. The book, set during the Italian Risorgimento, is primarily concerned with the culture of revolution and revolutionaries. It is a tale of faith, disillusionment, revolution, romance, and heroism. A thread of a tragic relationship between Arthur and his love, Gemma, simultaneously runs through the story. The story centres on the life of the protagonist, Arthur Burton. ![]() The Gadfly is a novel by Irish-born British writer Ethel Voynich, published in 1897 (United States, June Great Britain, September of the same year), set in 1840s Italy under the dominance of Austria, a time of tumultuous revolt and uprisings.
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